Items Mean (SD) / Cronbach’s \(\alpha\)
Elementary Middle High
“My school grades have fallen because of excessive use of a smartphone.” 1.63 (.54)
/ .79
1.82 (.53)
/ .77
1.92 (.55)
/ .79
“It is more fun to use a smartphone than to be with family or friends.”
“If smartphones become unusable, it will be hard to bear.”
“It's hard to do the planned work (study, homework, attending classes, etc.)
because of the use of a smartphone.”
“I feel restless and nervous without a smartphone.”