First-order latent variables	Indicator (Likert Scale 1-5)	t-value	Standardized loading factors (path coefficient)	Adapted from
Employee performance	I can complete the work given to me well.	1.96	0.89	[@121117]
	I can complete work according to company targets.	10.83	0.88
	I obey company rules.	8.25	0.72
	I have good initiative towards work.	6.20	0.58
Training	Resources are available for quality-related training in the company.	1.96	0.80	[@121090]
	Quality-related training is given to all employees in the company.	7.25	0.73
	Training is given in the “total quality and continuous improvement” concepts throughout the company.	8.22	0.83
Empowerment	Employees are encouraged to fix problems they find.	1.96	0.77	[@121096; @121115]
	All employees are involved in developing plans to improve quality.	7.79	0.79
	The company expects the participation of all employees to improve quality and performance.	7.64	0.77
Teamwork	Employees are involved in quality improvement teams.	1.96	0.70	[@121102]
	Cross-functional teams are established for solving quality problems.	7.87	0.93
	Resources are available for supporting quality-related teams.	7.23	0.79
Compensation	The company's compensation system encourages employees to achieve company goals.	1.96	0.89	[@121115]
	Compensation process for employees is based on evaluation principles and criteria.	7.68	0.74
	The compensation and rewards offered by the company are in line with employee expectations.	7.74	0.74
Second-order latent variables	First-order latent variables	t-value		Standardized loading factors (path coefficient)
TQM–oriented HRM	Training	7.04		0.82
	Empowerment	7.88		0.95
	Teamwork	5.86		0.75
	Compensation	6.19		0.67